US Magnitsky Law draws Kremlin ire ? but many Russians support it

Russia's State Duma will take up a stern new bill Tuesday, the Dima Yakovlev List, aimed at punishing US officials who are implicated in human rights violations against Russians, including adoptive children who die at the hands of American parents and others allegedly abused by the US justice system.

The Duma bill appears to be pure retaliation for the Magnitsky List, targeted against Russian officials involved in the 2009 prison death of Russian anti-corruption whistleblower Sergei Magnitsky, which was signed into law by President Obama on Friday.

The Yakovlev List, named after one of about 15 Russian children to die at the hands of their adoptive US parents in the past two decades, will levy tough economic and visa sanctions against American officials perceived to be involved in mistreatment of Russians.

Do you know anything about Russia? A quiz.

While most Americans seem likely to ignore the Yakovlev List, a recent poll suggests that a plurality of Russians may be delighted to see their own officials squirm under the pressure of the Magnitsky Act. A late November survey by the independent Levada Center in Moscow found that 39 percent of Russians fully or mostly agree with the import of the US law, while just 14 percent reacted negatively toward it. Another 48 percent of Russians said they were undecided.

"This suggests that as much as people may dislike the idea of the US interfering in our internal affairs, they hate their own officials more," says Masha Lipman, editor of the Moscow Carnegie Center's Pro et Contra journal.

"Apparently much of the public would be happy to see corrupt Russian officials punished, however and by whomever.... What we see at work here is growing public anger against [the bureaucracy]. It may not show up as street protests, but it's a very real factor," she adds.

This cold war-style legislative tit-for-tat is erupting at what might have been a positive moment in US-Russia relations. After nearly four decades of hexing ties between Moscow and Washington, the much-resented Jackson-Vanik amendment was abolished by the US Senate in early December, and along with it the humiliating requirement that Russia obtain annual certification of its human rights record in order to enjoy normal trade relations with the US.

But senators replaced Jackson-Vanik with the Magnitsky List, which more narrowly targets Russian officials implicated in Mr. Magnitsky's case and other alleged human rights violators. The reaction of official Russia last week was white hot. Russia's Foreign Ministry said in a statement Friday that the Magnitsky List amounts to "open meddling in our internal affairs and is a blind and dangerous position." President Vladimir Putin told Russian TV viewers last week that the US law was a "purely political, unfriendly act."

"The [Magnitsky List] is a crazy precedent, because a legislative body has taken over the functions of a court," says Andrei Klimov, deputy chair of the Duma's international affairs commission, which was responsible for drafting the retaliatory Yakovlev List.

"For the first time in human history they presume to nominate the 'guilty' and then keep the list secret.... This is already influencing our relationship [with the US], all this past year while it was being discussed," he adds.

WHO WAS MAGNITSKY?

Magnitsky was a lawyer working for the London-based Hermitage Capital ? once the largest foreign investor in Russia ? when he uncovered what he alleged was a vast scam by top Russian police and tax officials to embezzle $230 million in taxes paid by Hermitage firms in 2006.

He went to the State Investigative Committee, Russia's top investigative body, and testified that officials had falsely re-registered Hermitage companies under other names, using company seals and charters seized in an earlier police raid, and subsequently received a full tax rebate with the help of highly-placed accomplices in the tax department.

The Investigative Committee has apparently never looked into Magnitsky's evidence. Instead, Magnitsky was soon arrested by the very same police officers who had conducted the earlier raid on Hermitage's Moscow office and charged, ironically, with tax evasion. Within a year, Magnitsky was dead. A report by the Kremlin's own human rights commission concluded in 2011 that Magnitsky had been systematically denied medical attention, was illegally prosecuted by the same officials he had implicated, was almost certainly beaten to death, and the whole affair was subsequently covered up.

Russia's top prosecutor has announced that the deceased Magnitsky will be put back on trial in January, with his mother standing in for him, even though such a posthumous trial is of dubious legality and has no precedents in Russian law.

"Official behavior in the Magnitsky case is bizarre. They seem convinced that it's all a humiliation of Russia, though there is serious evidence that has been gathered by foreigners about the case, who were basically doing the work that our investigators should have done," says Viktor Kremeniuk, deputy director of the official Institute of USA-Canada Studies in Moscow.

Magnitsky's former boss and head of Hermitage Capital, Bill Browder, has spent the past three years bankrolling private investigators and lobbying foreign governments to enact legislation like the Magnitsky List. He has compiled a 75-page report which summarizes what looks like a devastating case against an alleged crime organization inside Russia's government and the systematic efforts of the Kremlin to protect it.

'A POSITIVE STEP'

"The Magnitsky Act is a positive step; for the first time international legal sanctions are targeting Russian human rights violators," says Yevgeny Ikhlov, an expert with For Human Rights, a grassroots Moscow-based coalition.

"It means that the international community is starting to recognize that the routine conspiracies against justice practiced by Russian officials represent a threat beyond the borders of Russia," he adds.

But Sergei Markov, vice rector of the Plekhanov Economic University in Moscow and a frequent adviser to President Putin, argues that the US has started a diplomatic fight with the Magnitsky Act that can only befoul the relationship and block any productive outcomes in the Magnitsky case.

"An insult has to be answered," he says. "The US law violates the presumption of innocence concerning a number of Russian state officials, it expresses a lack of trust toward the Russian legal system, and there is considerable fear that the number of people added to the list will keep growing.... What worries me most is that this the Magnitsky Act might start a chain of negative reactions."

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/us-magnitsky-law-draws-kremlin-ire-many-russians-183820089.html

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Grace Coddington Talks About Her Memoir, Alexander Wang And, Of Course, Anna Wintour

When we were offered the chance to interview longtime creative director of Vogue (and the breakout star of "The September Issue"), Grace Coddington, we were thrilled. Even moreso once we read her recently published memoir "Grace." Witty and full of funny anecdotes about her journey from the small town of Anglesey, Wales to the front row of every major fashion show, the book was like gossiping with a colleague about the ins and outs of our industry. In the book, Coddington describes her adventures in modeling in London, her love of cats and, of course, her long tenure at Vogue, working side-by-side with Anna Wintour.

The forthcoming editor didn't disappoint during our chat either, giving straight-forward answers on how the industry has changed over the years, her technophobia, her work marriage with Wintour, and the uncertain fates of designers like Nicolas Ghesqui?re and John Galliano.

We've seen a democratization of the fashion industry in the past 10 years, where, thanks to the Internet, all anyone needs is a camera and a computer and they can be a stylist.

They can but they can't. I have very high standards, so I think it takes more than a cell phone. Bloggers sit in in the front row [at the fashion shows] and all their energy seems to be spent on dressing themselves, which I find a shame. But it's the way things are going; it's not just the fashion business, it's every business. It's super fast for me because I'm English and I tend to be slow. It's quite abrasive for me. I'm still at my snail's pace.

I do and I don't embrace the digital world. I keep saying that if I retire and go to live at home no one's going to talk to me because I don't really use a computer. No one's going to connect: No one writes letters, they don't even telephone anymore. I find it very hard to connect with the photographers I'm working with. You can't phone them because they don't pick up, and now they don't even respond to texts! I don't know why everybody makes it so difficult to communicate. I guess there's so much going on that they don't have time to address; but the quality of life and the quality of work suffers.

In your memoir, you say that your assistant prints out your emails.

(Laughs) Yes, [any digital communication] is connected through her. I can just about type the emails with one finger, and if I'm lucky and push the right button, it goes through.

You must enjoy a level of focus that so many of us don't because we have one eye on our Blackberry and one eye on the computer.

I don't know if "enjoy" is the right word. To me, it's natural. One has a conversation and one focuses, or one has dinner and focuses, instead of always having the phone on the table. I think it's highly bad manners.

In the book you mentioned the hordes of people at the fashion shows, most of whom you don't know, and the bloggers sitting front row.

It's not that I object to anyone being in the front row. Anyone can be in the front row that the designer deems important enough to put in the front row. I used to find attending the shows so invigorating and exciting, but [now] you have to be there with blinders on. To cut out all the rubbish that's going on around, where the focus seems to be more on the audience than on the clothes that go down the runway. Any old shit can go down the runway and they all sit there and clap.

In "Grace" you also described attending legendary fashion shows in Paris in years past. Now that all the collections are live-streamed and easily accessible on the Internet, do you think runway shows will become obsolete?

[If there were no runway shows,] they'd have to restructure everything. I like a fashion show myself. Yes, I enjoyed John Galliano when you stepped into a forest or whatever it was, because it was a nice break from the treadmill of going from show to show to show [during Fashion Week]. But nothing beats a very straight-forward, very focused show, where it's properly edited and the focus is on the clothes.

The whirlwind production schedules and the revolving door of designers creates a harried environment. In the past year we've seen Stefano Pilati replaced by Hedi Slimane at Saint Laurent, Raf Simons has taken the reigns at Dior and Alexander Wang was just named creative director at Balenciaga, replacing Nicolas Ghesqui?re.

It's a sign of the times. More for me, I'm sad to be going to Paris and not seeing Nicolas Ghesqui?re [in the book, Coddington details her friendship with Ghesqui?re]. Because I love him as a friend, but also because he's the most incredible creative designer. I'm sure Alexander Wang will do really well. He's very well-liked. It's an incredibly difficult thing to take over for Nicolas because there are all the old fuddy-duddy people like me digging their heels in. But you've got to embrace it -- it's happened. I'm sure the Gucci people [Gucci and Balenciaga are both owned by PPR] thought long and carefully, they didn't just pull him out of a hat. And he fit all their criteria.

Alexander Wang has had such commercial success. Do you think that was a factor in naming him creative director of Balenciaga?

[Commercial success] is what they want. Don't think of it as the same house as it was when Nicolas was the creative director; that's everybody's mistake. Don't think of it as a replacement for Nicolas, because it isn't. Alexander has a whole different agenda. He's a very confident young man, he's cute-looking, girls love him, he's an "It" person and he makes very affordable clothes. I haven't spoken to him, but he can only do what he can do. He can't be somebody else, and he certainly can't be Nicolas.

In your opinion, what will Nicolas Ghesqui?re do now?

He will bide his time and come back. He's too brilliant to just disappear. He's very passionate about what he does. He's not caught up in fashion and celebrity at all. I don't think he's going to go off and become a sculptor like Helmut Lang, either.

Speaking of tremendous talents who have disappeared, what do you think about John Galliano?

I hope he will return, but I don't know. That's a tough one to get over. That's tougher than the Gucci people thinking they want a change of face. I love John, I think he's brilliant. He certainly intends to come back -- when he's ready.

In the book you didn't touch on body image or how Vogue is dealing with the new body image. You don't really talk about the obesity epidemic and how that affects the models you choose or how that affects the magazine.

You're asking all the questions that are very taboo, you know that, right? We avoid talking about the fat/thin thing because it's a complicated issue.

If you could wave your magic wand, what would you love to see happen in the fashion industry? How would you like it to change?

Fashion changes all the time, that's the nature of the beast. I'd like fashion shows to be smaller. I'd like all the superfluous people that go to the shows not to be there. And I wish you could just go to a show and just focus on the clothes. I wish the designer would spend more time making the clothes, finding the best fabrics and actually having an idea of their own, instead somebody else's. Because people are driven to do so much, they are always looking at what other people are doing rather than sticking to their own vision.

I find it difficult to parse out the different trends when the collections are presented so closely and the seasons are back-to-back.

Trends are boring, I wouldn't worry about trends. Just look for beautiful clothes.

"The September Issue" piqued the public interest in your working relationship with Anna Wintour. Is working with someone for that long like being married?

It's boring, it's what everyone asks me. I hope it's not like marriage. I've been married twice and each lasted six months, and this relationship with Anna has lasted 26 years.

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Want more? Be sure to check out HuffPost Style on Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest and Instagram at @HuffPostStyle.
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Do you have a style story idea or tip? Email us at stylesubmissions@huffingtonpost.com. (PR pitches sent to this address will be ignored.)

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/16/grace-coddington-memoir_n_2287674.html

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Sun Life to sell U.S. annuity business for $1.35 billion

(Reuters) - Sun Life Financial Inc , Canada's third-biggest insurer, said it will sell its U.S. annuity business and some life insurance businesses for $1.35 billion to a company owned by shareholders of institutional asset manager Guggenheim Partners.

Sun Life said in December it would stop selling variable annuities and individual life products in the United States to focus more on group insurance and voluntary benefits.

It had billed its decision to pull out of the two capital-intensive businesses, which had become a drag on its earnings, as the start of a "new chapter."

Sun Life said on Monday it expects the sale to Delaware Life Holdings to result in a reduction in book value of C$950 million ($963 million) when the deal closes by the end of the second quarter of 2013.

Sun Life said the transaction is expected to reduce its 2013 earnings by 22 Canadian cents per share.

People familiar with the matter earlier told Reuters that Guggenheim Partners had emerged as the lead bidder for Sun Life's variable annuity business.

The deal is expected to result in a cash of C$1.9 billion, net of a planned repayment of C$350 million of debt in June 2013, Sun Life said in a statement.

Morgan Stanley & Co advised Sun Life on the transaction.

(Reporting by Bhaswati Mukhopadhyay in Bangalore; Editing by Sriraj Kalluvila)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/sun-life-sell-u-annuity-business-1-35-123612105--sector.html

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Indian E-commerce Could Grow Into A $34 Billion Industry By 2015 ...

The Indian E-commerce segment seems poised to become a powerful segment. If the multiple players continue to grow even at the current pace, the industry could easily cross a gross valuation of US$ 34 Billion within the next 3 years.

Apparently encouraged by the reassuring statistics?from ?Great Online Shopping Festival? companies have begun to build on their efforts. Websites are now aiming to offer a better experience of online shopping. Coincidentally, multiple e-commerce portals reported exhausting their stock/quota within half a day!

The industry is currently ascending at a very healthy compound annual growth rate of 57%. But that?s the least of the figures that matter. The real reasons are actually the skewed ratio of online population versus the people who shop while online. According to HomeShop18?s CEO?Sundeep Malhotra, ?It is estimated, that around 27 million (in India) are active mobile Internet users. Currently, 4 per cent are buying products, through mobiles and in next four years time, it can go up to 20 per cent,? This immediately translates in a 5 fold growth.

Mobiles will help drive the e-commerce:

Over the past year, we have witnessed multiple endeavors by e-commerce portals to reach out to the mobile population. From launching iOS & Android Apps to perfecting location-awareness, online companies are putting muscle to entice shoppers to visualize, search, locate nearby stores, execute & pay for purchases without keeping the phone aside.

One of the points raised by Malhotra did ring a bell of caution though. He said, ?With more than hundreds of websites currently operating in the sphere and many more to join the space, it is obvious that e-commerce is going to be a game changer in India?. Apparently, many websites that come-up, are rarely able to sustain, thanks to extensive peer-pressure keeping prices down & operating costs high.

Hence, it?s not the number of websites, but the way they run the business. From perfecting delivery processes to tweaking website?for user-friendliness, aspects like these will help build & sustain customers.?Many of the portals who?haven?t?realize this, will soon fade into oblivion while others surge ahead. What do you think?

Image Courtesy | ?boston

Alap Naik Desai

Typical Mumbaikar with a passion for all things Tech. Analysis of News is my Passion. You can reach me at alap4u@gmail.com

Source: http://www.watblog.com/2012/12/17/indian-e-commerce-could-grow-into-a-34-billion-industry-by-2015/

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Seneca Family Of Agencies?Foster Care And Adoption ? Alice@97.3

Seneca Family of Agencies identifies the critical services that a child and family need and provide them as long as they?re needed. Seneca?s Foster Care and Adoption services focus on permanency for children seeking their final home or family placements.? Seneca?s programs provide a continuum of care from infant adoptions to youth who are living in a foster care placement awaiting permanency.

The agencies provides numerous services, including:

Case Management Services

Crisis Services

In Home Safety Aide Program

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Outpatient Services

Probation Services

Therapeutic Behavioral Services (TBS)

Transitional Age Youth Services (TAY)

Wraparound Services

Danielle Decker is the Director of Foster Care and Nathan Aleman is the Regional Director.

Seneca Family of Agencies


 Seneca Family Of Agencies...Foster Care And Adoption

Source: http://radioalice.cbslocal.com/2012/12/16/seneca-family-of-agencies-foster-care-and-adoption/

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Raspberry Pi launches app store, allows developers to share free and paid-for apps and games

Raspberry Pi launches app store, allows developers to share free and paidfor apps and games

Raspberry Pi continues to to strengthen its pull on beginner developers and has now launched its very own app store. With 23 titles already available, the company has allied itself with IndieCity and Velocix to create a familiar app shopping experience on the web. Raspberry Pi OS users can download and upload content (including binaries, raw Python code, images, audio or video) to the store, with the option of whether or not to charge embedded alongside a "tip jar" mechanism to offer up some fiscal encouragement. One commercial game, Storm in a Teacup (priced at £1.99) joins the largely free online library, while a system of reviews and ratings hopes to ensure the best content rises to the top, with the system also picking up registered users' personal tastes. You can browse what the store's got to offer at the second source link.

Update: Looks like so many people tried to access the store that it's fallen over. Might be best to try in a little while.

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Pasta ribbons with prawns and cherry tomatoes recipe - Recipes ...

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Goodtoknow TV

Free & easy recipe video: Watch new how-to recipe videos with goodtoknow and Woman's Weekly see all videos > Advertisement

A sophisticated pasta dish of tagliatelle with a light creamy wine and garlic sauce, juicy prawns and sweet cherry tomatoes. Use fresh pasta for extra elegance and speed but dried pasta is fine.

  • Serves: 4

  • Prep time: 15 mins

  • Cooking time: 12 mins

  • Total time: 27 mins

  • Skill level: Easy peasy

  • Costs: Mid-price

That's goodtoknow

cartoon image of chef

For meat lovers, cooked chicken or chunks of ham would work just as well as prawns if you prefer. Leave out the prawns for a vegetarian dish and serve with mozzarella pearls scattered on top.

Ingredients

  • 1tbsp olive oil
  • 2 garlic cloves
  • 500g peeled raw prawns, thawed if frozen
  • 250g assorted cherry tomatoes, halved
  • Salt and freshly ground black pepper
  • 150ml dry white wine
  • 100ml double cream
  • 500g fresh fettucine or tagliatelle pasta
  • Baby salad leaves and lemon wedges to serve

Method

  1. Heat the oil in a frying pan and gently fry the garlic for 1 min until soft. Add the prawns and cook, stirring, for 3-4 mins. Add the tomatoes and continue to cook, stirring, for a further 2-3 mins until the tomatoes begin to soften and the prawns are pink all over. Season well.
  2. Pour over the wine and cream, and cook over a low heat, stirring occasionally, for 5 mins until hot.
  3. Meanwhile, bring a large saucepan of lightly salted water to the boil and cook the fresh pasta for 2-3 mins until just tender. Drain well and keep warm.
  4. To serve, pile the pasta into warm serving bowls. Spoon the prawn and tomato mixture on top, season with black pepper and sprinkle with baby salad leaves. Serve immediately with wedges of lemon to squeeze over.
Cooked this? Upload a picture to our Facebook page

Nutritional information

Guideline Daily Amount for 2,000 calories per day are: 70g fat, 20g saturated fat, 90g sugar, 6g salt.

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What's your budget to spend on food and drink for Christmas this year?

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  • Less than ?30 10%
  • I don't know yet 6%
  • I'm not setting a budget 11%

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Source: http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/recipes/536661/pasta-ribbons-with-prawns-and-cherry-tomatoes

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How To Start A Web Page Design Organization And Then Grow It ...

Posted by ingeramos73 on December 16, 2012 in Articles with No Comments


You must seriously consider starting your own personal company, if you?re a skilled web developer. Web design companies come in sought after as every organization is looking to build an online presence by way of a web site or an e-commerce web outlet. Web design entails minimal start-up expenditures and could be handled from the convenience of one?s house or a small company if you prefer to hire some employees.How to get going together with your website design business?Starting up needs some upfront investment and hard work to build an account and a client base. Following are a number of the measures had a need to get started.Estimate the initial cost: For a web design company, laptop or desktop PC is related to:hardware ? by the initial costs
internet connection
web design application such as PageMaker, Adobe Photoshop, or what you may preferDevelop a for promotion: For a design business, the business website becomes much more substantial. Apart from introducing your solutions, design some ideas and offers to customers, the design of the site is in it self an assertion of one?s ability as a designer.Research the market: The most important concept for any internet organization is always to stay static in tune with internet styles. Check out the website design of leading companies. Distinctive facets are navigational convenience, simple maintainability, and excellent information organization.Develop a portfolio: Initially, you could have to occupy low paying if not non-paying projects as your business is new. Design internet sites for local organizations, non-profit organizations and offer services to build a strong profile, status, and relationships with potential clients.Network to build a person base: One benefit of doing free work initially is networking and spreading knowing of your services. Business cards were designed by distribute self, make cold calls, promote via leaflets, and deliver immediate mails to prospective customers. Register on business marketing or lead technology internet sites, get freelance tasks at first and lead as you grow. The more experience you acquire, the higher you get, and more you expand your company. With more knowledge, you can demand more and goal bigger customers.Discuss appropriate issues: It is usually advisable to talk about legalities with your lawyer like the tax obligations of running a company and possibilities regarding developing a company ? increase, lone manager vessel, limited liability company etc.How to obtain more web design contracts?Web design companies can attract more buyers by giving additional companies, faster delivery times, and attractive rates. Following are a few ideas to ramp up your business.Add-on services: Web developers may partner with other freelancing experts to improve the caliber of their solutions. A copywriter could create efficient text that helps site?s search engine marketing (SEO). An online marketer could possibly get more traffic to the website and increase its visibility. Offering umbrella companies draws more customers as each of their internet site needs are satisfied at one spot. They?ll be happy to spend more for the excess services.Faster delivery: Web developers may cut small designing time through the use of templates in place of designing from scratch. Of course, this is dependent on specific client requirements and the cost of the project. In majority of the circumstances, purchasing a design and customizing it to the customer?s needs is an excellent option.Attractive prices: Low charges usually attract clients. However, that will not mean you sell your self short. Review industry and offer a somewhat reduced price, if you should be short of jobs and wish to develop your organization. But, never give you a quote without understanding what the task involves. Once a quote is recognized, use it in writing along with other facts ? deadlines, agenda, project phases, part obligations, etc.As with businesses are started up by all, huge profits may not be generated by your web design business from day one. But, as your customer base is expanded by you, the caliber of your services can get you more attention and agreements.

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Toward a new model of the cell: Everything you always wanted to know about genes

Dec. 16, 2012 ? Turning vast amounts of genomic data into meaningful information about the cell is the great challenge of bioinformatics, with major implications for human biology and medicine. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and colleagues have proposed a new method that creates a computational model of the cell from large networks of gene and protein interactions, discovering how genes and proteins connect to form higher-level cellular machinery.

The findings are published in the Dec. 16 advance online publication of Nature Biotechnology.

"Our method creates ontology, or a specification of all the major players in the cell and the relationships between them," said first author Janusz Dutkowski, PhD, postdoctoral researcher in the UC San Diego Department of Medicine. It uses knowledge about how genes and proteins interact with each other and automatically organizes this information to form a comprehensive catalog of gene functions, cellular components, and processes.

"What's new about our ontology is that it is created automatically from large datasets. In this way, we see not only what is already known, but also potentially new biological components and processes -- the bases for new hypotheses," said Dutkowski.

Originally devised by philosophers attempting to explain the nature of existence, ontologies are now broadly used to encapsulate everything known about a subject in a hierarchy of terms and relationships. Intelligent information systems, such as iPhone's Siri, are built on ontologies to enable reasoning about the real world. Ontologies are also used by scientists to structure knowledge about subjects like taxonomy, anatomy and development, bioactive compounds, disease and clinical diagnosis.

A Gene Ontology (GO) exists as well, constructed over the last decade through a joint effort of hundreds of scientists. It is considered the gold standard for understanding cell structure and gene function, containing 34,765 terms and 64,635 hierarchical relations annotating genes from more than 80 species.

"GO is very influential in biology and bioinformatics, but it is also incomplete and hard to update based on new data," said senior author Trey Ideker, PhD, chief of the Division of Genetics in the School of Medicine and professor of bioengineering in UC San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering.

"This is expert knowledge based upon the work of many people over many, many years," said Ideker, who is also principal investigator of the National Resource for Network Biology, based at UC San Diego. "A fundamental problem is consistency. People do things in different ways, and that impacts what findings are incorporated into GO and how they relate to other findings. The approach we have proposed is a more objective way to determine what's known and uncover what's new."

In their paper, Dutkowski, Ideker and colleagues capitalized upon the growing power and utility of new technologies like high-throughput assays and bioinformatics to create elaborately detailed datasets describing complex biological networks. To test the approach, the scientists pulled together multiple such datasets, applied their method, and then compared the resulting "network-extracted ontology" to the existing GO.

They found that their ontology captured the majority of known cellular components, plus many additional terms and relationships, which subsequently triggered updates of the existing GO.

Neither Ideker nor Dutkowski say the new approach is intended to replace the current GO. Rather, they envision it as complementary high-tech model that identifies both known and uncharacterized biological components derived directly from data, something the current GO does not do well. Moreover, they note a network-extracted ontology can be continuously updated and refined with every new dataset, moving scientists closer to the complete model of the cell.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - San Diego, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Janusz Dutkowski, Michael Kramer, Michal A Surma, Rama Balakrishnan, J Michael Cherry, Nevan J Krogan, Trey Ideker. A gene ontology inferred from molecular networks. Nature Biotechnology, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2463

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/j6nvh78QoZ4/121216132515.htm

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