mankesune: Sixth Semester cse Syllabus ~ Education For U ...

THEORY OF COMPUTATION ? ? ? ? ??L T P M C ??3 1 0 100 4
UNIT I 9

Church-Turing thesis: Turing machines ? Variants of Turing Machines ? Hilbert?s
problems. Decidability: Decidable languages ? Halting problem.

UNIT II 9

Reducibility: Undecidable problems from Language theory ? A simple Undecidable
problem ? Mapping Reducibility. Advanced topics in Computability Theory: The
Recursion Theorem ? Decidability of logical theories ? Turing Reducibility.

UNIT III 9

Time Complexity: Measuring Complexity ? The Class P ? The class NP ? NPcompleteness
? Additional NP-complete Problems.

UNIT IV 9

Space Complexity: Savitch?s Theorem ? The Class PSPACE ? PSPACE-completeness
? The classes L and NL ? NL-completeness ? NL equals coNL. Intractability: Hierarchy
Theorems ? Relativization ? Circuit Complexity.

UNIT V 9

Advanced topics in complexity theory: Approximation Algorithms ? Probabilistic
Algorithms ? Alternation ? Interactive Proof Systems ? Parallel Computation ?
Cryptography

TUTORIAL 15 ??TOTAL : 60

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Michael Sipser, Introduction to the Theory of Computation, Thomson Brook/cole,
1997.(2006)
2. John E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata
Theory, Languages and Computation, 3/E, Pearson Education, 2009.
REFERENCES
1. Peter Linz, An Introduction to formal Languages and Automata, 4/ E, Jones &
Bartlett Pub, 2006.
2 Kamala Krithivasan, Rama R, Introduction to Formal Languages, Automata
Theory and Computation, Pearson, 2009
3. Dr. B. N. Srinivasa Murthy, Formal Languages and Automata Theory, Sanguine
Publishers, 2006.

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ? ? ? ??L T P M C ?3 0 0 100 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Introduction to Open sources ? Need of Open Sources ? Advantages of Open Sources?
Application of Open Sources. Open source operating systems: LINUX: Introduction ?
General Overview ? Kernel Mode and user mode ? Process ? Advanced Concepts ?
Scheduling ? Personalities ? Cloning ? Signals ? Development with Linux. .

UNIT II OPEN SOURCE DATABASE 9

MySQL: Introduction ? Setting up account ? Starting, terminating and writing your
ownSQL programs ? Record selection Technology ? Working with strings ? Date and
Time? Sorting Query Results ? Generating Summary ? Working with metadata ?
Usingsequences ? MySQL and Web.

UNIT III OPEN SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 9

PHP: Introduction ? Programming in web environment ? variables ? constants ?
data;types ? operators ? Statements ? Functions ? Arrays ? OOP ? String Manipulation
and regular expression ? File handling and data storage ? PHP and SQL database ?
PHP and LDAP ? PHP Connectivity ? Sending and receiving E-mails ? Debugging and
error handling ? Security ? Templates.

UNIT IV PYTHON 9

Syntax and Style ? Python Objects ? Numbers ? Sequences ? Strings ? Lists and
Tuples ? Dictionaries ? Conditionals and Loops ? Files ? Input and Output ? Errors and
Exceptions ? Functions ? Modules ? Classes and OOP ? Execution Environment.

UNIT V PERL 9

Perl backgrounder ? Perl overview ? Perl parsing rules ? Variables and Data ?
Statements and Control structures ? Subroutines, Packages, and Modules- Working
with Files ?Data Manipulation.
Total: 45

Text Books:

1. Remy Card, Eric Dumas and Frank Mevel, ?The Linux Kernel Book?, Wiley
Publications, 2003
2. Steve Suchring, ?MySQL Bible?, John Wiley, 2002
References:
1. Rasmus Lerdorf and Levin Tatroe, ?Programming PHP?, O?Reilly, 2002
2. Wesley J. Chun, ?Core Phython Programming?, Prentice Hall, 2001
3. Martin C. Brown, ?Perl: The Complete Reference?, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, Indian Reprint 2009.
4. Steven Holzner, ?PHP: The Complete Reference?, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, Indian Reprint 2009.
5. Vikram Vaswani, ?MYSQL: The Complete Reference?, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Limited, Indian Reprint 2009.

OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEM DESIGN
L T P M C
3 0 0 100 3

Unit I 9

Introduction
Introduction to Object Orientation - Development - Themes-Evidence for Usefulness of
OO Development-OO Modeling
Modeling Concepts
Modeling-Abstraction-The Three Models-Class Modeling-Object and Class Concepts-
Link and Association Concepts-Generalization and Inheritance-A Sample Class Model-
Navigation of Class Models-Practical Tips

Unit II 9

Advanced Class Modeling
Advanced Object and Class Concepts-Association Ends-N-ary Assocations-
Aggregation-Abstract Classes-Multiple Inheritance-metadata-Reification-Constraints-
Derived Data-Packages- Practical Tips
State Modeling
Events-states-Transitions and Conditions-State diagrams-state diagrams behaviorpractical
tips-Advanced state Modeling-Nested State Diagrams-Nested States-Signal
Generalization-concurrency- A sample state Model- Relation of class and state models
Interaction Modeling
Use case Models-Sequence Models- Activity Models- Use Case Relationships-
Procedural Sequence Models- special constructs for Activity Models-Class Model-State
Model-Interaction Model

Unit III 9
Analysis
Process Overview-Development stages-Development Lifecycle-System conceptiondevising
a system concept-Elaborating a concept-preparing a problem statement-
Domain analysis-overview of analysis-Domain class model-Domain state model-Domain
Interaction Model-Iterating the analysis-Application Interaction Model-Application Class
Model-Application state Model-Adding operations

Unit IV 9

Design
Overview of system Design-Estimating performance- Making a reuse plan-Breaking a
system into sub systems-identifying concurrency-Allocation of subsystems-
Management of Data Storage-Handling Global Resources-Choosing a software control
strategy-handling boundary conditions-setting Trade-off Priorities-common architectural
styles-Architecture of the ATM System
Class Design
Overview of class Design-Bridging the gap-Realizing use cases-Designing Alogrithms-
Recursing Downward-Refactoring-Design optimization-Reification of behavioradjustment
of inheritance-organizing a class design-ATM Example

Unit V 9
\Implementation
Implementation Modeling-overview of implementation-Fine-tuning classes-fine tuning
generalizations-realizing associations-oo languages-introduction abbreviated ATM
Model-implementing structure-implementing functionality-practical tips
Database
Introduction-Abbreviated ATM Model-Implementing structure-Implementing structure -
Implementing structure for the ATM Example-Implementing Functionality-Object
oriented Databases
Programming style
Object-oriented style-reusability-extensibility ? robustness - programming in large
Total : 45

TEXT BOOKS
1. Object-Oriented Modeling and Design with UML, Michael Blaha, James
Rumbaugh, Second Edition, Pearson Education,2004.
2. Object-Oriented Software Engineering using UML, Pattens, and Java second
Edition Bernd Bruegge, Robert S
3. Object-Oriented Software Engineering using UML, Pattens, and Java second
Edition Bernd Bruegge, Allen H.Dutoit(200x?)
References
1. Object Oriented System Development, Ali Bahrami, McGraw-Hill International
Edition,1999
2. Object Oriented analysis and Design, Booch G, Addison-Wesley Publishing
company,1994

NUMERICAL METHODS
L T P M C
3 1 0 100 4
UNIT I SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 9+3
Linear interpolation methods (method of false position) ? Newton?s method ? Statement
of Fixed Point Theorem ? Fixed point iteration: x=g(x) method ? Solution of linear
system by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordon methods- Iterative methods: Gauss
Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods- Inverse of a matrix by Gauss Jordon method ?
Eigenvalue of a matrix by power method.
UNIT II INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION 9+ 3
Lagrangian Polynomials ? Divided differences ? Interpolating with a cubic spline ?
Newton?s forward and backward difference formulas.
UNIT III NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION 9+ 3
Derivatives from difference tables ? Divided differences and finite differences ?
Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson?s 1/3 and 3/8 rules ? Romberg?s
method ? Two and Three point Gaussian quadrature formulas ? Double integrals using
trapezoidal and Simpson?s rules.
UNIT IV INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS 9+ 3
Single step methods: Taylor series method ? Euler and modified Euler methods ?
Fourth order Runge ? Kutta method for solving first and second order equations ?
Multistep methods: Milne?s and Adam?s predictor and corrector methods.
UNIT V BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9+ 3
Finite difference solution of second order ordinary differential equation ? Finite
difference solution of one dimensional heat equation by explicit and implicit methods ?
One dimensional wave equation.
TUTORIAL 15
TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Gerald, C.F, and Wheatley, P.O, ?Applied Numerical Analysis?, Sixth Edition,
Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi, 2002.
2. Balagurusamy, E., ?Numerical Methods?, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.Co.Ltd, New
Delhi, 1999.
REFERENCES
1. Kandasamy, P., Thilagavathy, K. and Gunavathy, K., ?Numerical Methods?,
S.Chand Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003.
2. Burden, R.L and Faires, T.D., ?Numerical Analysis?, Seventh Edition, Thomson
Asia Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2002.

COMPUTER GRAPHICS
L T P M C
3 0 0 100 3
UNIT- I Introduction to Computer Graphics & Scan conversion 10
Overview of Computer Graphics, Computer Graphics Application and Software, Display
Technologies, Storage Tube Graphics Displays, Calligraphic Refresh Graphics
Displays, Raster Refresh (Raster-Scan) Graphics Displays, Cathode Ray Tube Basics,
Color CRT Raster Scan Basics, Video Basics, The Video Controller, Random-Scan
Display Processor, LCD displays.
Scan Converting Lines, Mid-point criteria, Problems of Aliasing, end-point ordering and
clipping lines, Scan Converting Circles, Scan Converting Ellipses, Filling Polygons,
edge data structure, Clipping Lines algorithms? Cyrus-Beck, Cohen-Sutherland and
Liang-Barsky, Clipping Polygons, problem with multiple components.
UNIT-II Two-Dimensional Transformations 8
Transformations and Matrices, Transformation Conventions, 2D Transformations,
Homogeneous Coordinates and Matrix Representation of 2D Transformations,
Translations and Homogeneous Coordinates, Rotation, Reflection, Scaling, Combined
Transformation, Transformation of Points, Transformation of The Unit Square, Solid
Body Transformations, Rotation About an Arbitrary Point, Reflection through an
Arbitrary Line, A Geometric Interpretation of Homogeneous Coordinates, The Windowto-
Viewport Transformations.
UNIT-III Three-Dimensional Transformations 9
Introduction, Three-Dimensional Scaling, Three-Dimensional Shearing, Three-
Dimensional Rotation, Three-Dimensional Reflection, Three-Dimensional Translation,
Multiple Transformation, Rotation about an Arbitrary Axis in Space, Reflection through
an Arbitrary Plane, Matrix Representation of 3D Transformations, Composition of 3D
Transformations, Affine and Perspective Geometry, Perspective Transformations,
Techniques for Generating Perspective Views, Vanishing Points, the Perspective
Geometry and camera models, Orthographic Projections, Axonometric Projections,
Oblique Projections, View volumes for projections.
UNIT-IV Solid Modeling & Visible-Surface Determination 9
Representing Solids, Regularized Boolean Set Operations, Primitive Instancing, Sweep
Representations, Spatial-Partitioning Representations - Octree representation, B-Reps,
Constructive Solid Geometry, Comparison of Representations.
Techniques for efficient Visible-Surface Algorithms, Categories of algorithms, Back face
removal, The z-Buffer Algorithm, Scan-line method, Painter?s algorithms (depth sorting),
Area sub-division method, BSP trees, Visible-Surface Ray Tracing, comparison of the
methods.
UNIT-V llumination and Shading & Graphics Programming using OPENGL 9
Illumination and Shading Models for Polygons, Reflectance properties of surfaces,
Ambient, Specular and Diffuse reflections, Atmospheric attenutation, Phong?s model,
Gouraud shading, some examples.
Why OpenGL, Features in OpenGL, OpenGL operations, Abstractions in OpenGL ? GL,
GLU & GLUT, 3D viewing pipeline, viewing matrix specifications, a few examples and
demos of OpenGL programs.
TOTAL :45
Text books :
1. J. D. Foley, A. Van Dam, S. K. Feiner and J. F. Hughes, Computer Graphics -
Principles and Practice, Second Edition in C, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. D. Hearn and M. Pauline Baker, Computer Graphics (C Version), Pearson
Education, 2nd Edition, 2004.
References:
1. D. F. Rogers and J. A. Adams, Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics,
2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 1990.
2. F. S. Hill Jr., Computer Graphics using OpenGL, Pearson Education, 2003.
OPEN SOURCE LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Installation in different modes (user mode, GUI, Single user, Server )
2. MySQL installation
3. Apache installation
4. PHP with Database connectivity
5. PHYTON programming
6. Perl script and CGI
7. Network simulator (NS2) installation and simple tcl scripts


OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEM DESIGN LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
Solving Simple problems using CASE tools for design, testing with structure analysis
and design method and object oriented analysis and design method
i) SRS DOCUMENT (IEEE Standard)
ii) Design document
iii) Implementation
iv) Test case generation and test document preparation
1. Payroll system
2. Online shopping
3. Online voting system
4. Banking system

COMPUTER GRAPHICS LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Implementation of Bresenham?s Algorithm
Line
Circle
Ellipse
2. 2D and 3D transformation
Translation
Rotation
Scaling
Reflection
Shearing of objects
3. Cohen Sutherland 2D clipping and windowing

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Source: http://softwaretrojans.blogspot.com/2012/12/sixth-semester-cse-syllabus_11.html

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Source: http://mankesune.blogspot.com/2012/12/sixth-semester-cse-syllabus-education.html

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'Fiscal cliff' talks appear to be stalled

WASHINGTON (AP) ? House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi says a bipartisan deal to avert a "fiscal cliff" is more likely if Democrats and Republicans don't try to over-reach on spending cuts.

The California Democrat tells "CBS This Morning" Wednesday that Congress and the White House need to agree on a provisional plan for taxes and spending.

She says "Let's do something now." Pelosi adds the two sides should come together on a "down payment" on cuts to entitlement programs.

Pelosi says Democrats want to ensure that senior citizens aren't harmed. And she says Republicans are pushing too hard on a Medicare overhaul, asking, quote, "is it just a trophy that the Republicans want to take home?"

She says, "Get it done and make corrections and expansions on it next year."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/fiscal-cliff-talks-appear-stalled-080952301--finance.html

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Deadly Oregon shopping mall shooting appeared to be random rampage

CLACKAMAS, Oregon (Reuters) - A masked gunman who opened fire in the food court of a crowded Oregon shopping mall, killing two people and wounding a third before taking his own life, appears to have acted alone in a blind rampage with no known motive, police said on Wednesday.

Investigators identified the man behind Tuesday afternoon's shooting as Jacob Tyler Roberts, 22, who they said had no significant criminal history and apparently acted without warning.

The weapon he used was described as an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle, which the Clackamas County Sheriff's Office said was stolen the day before the shooting from an unidentified acquaintance of the killer.

Roberts also was believed to be carrying several fully loaded ammunition magazines when he walked into the Clackamas Town Center in the Portland suburb of Happy Valley, and moved swiftly to a food court at the center of the mall to start shooting, authorities said. He was wearing a hockey-style mask at the time.

Two people were killed on the spot - Steven Mathew Forsyth, 45, of suburban West Linn, a father of two who owned a business in the mall, and Cindy Ann Yuille, 54, of Portland, according to Sheriff Craig Roberts.

Kristina Shevchenko, 15, was badly wounded but managed to stagger away from the food court to the lower level of the mall, where she was found. She was hospitalized in serious condition on Wednesday.

But carnage from the shooting likely was limited by the fact that the gun jammed, although the suspect managed to get the weapon working again before he moved downstairs and shot himself, the sheriff told a news conference.

Sheriff Roberts also said the casualty count was curtailed by the fact that the estimated 10,000 shoppers in the mall "kept a level head" for the most part in swiftly leaving the building, and helping each other in the process.

He credited police with rapidly swarming the mall and merchants with following emergency lockdown procedures that allowed many shoppers to quickly find shelter.

'WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE MOTIVE'

Authorities said they remained baffled about what led the suspect to open fire in the mall, the latest in a spate of U.S. gun violence incidents this year, most notably the killing of 12 people and wounding of 58 others at a midnight screening of the Batman film "The Dark Knight Rises" in Colorado in July.

"At this time, we do not understand the motive of this attack except to say there is no apparent connection between the suspect and his victims," the sheriff said.

Sergeant Adam Phillips, a spokesman for the sheriff's office, said investigators were not aware of any signs that Roberts was preparing to act as he did.

"Every indicator is that he acted solely alone in carrying out this heinous and tragic crime," he said.

Detectives contacted several members of the suspected gunman's family as they began their investigation but sheriff's officials said they had little if any immediate information about the gunman's personal background, employment history or education.

Phillips said Roberts was known to have once been a victim of a crime, but he did not elaborate, and it was not clear whether investigators believed that may have had any bearing on the shooting.

A photograph of Roberts displayed by police showed a young man with longish, straight black hair, a light mustache and goatee and ring-sized discs in each of his pierced earlobes.

High school student Hannah Baggs, 14, told the Oregonian newspaper that she got a close look at the gunman before he entered the mall and opened fire.

"He was, like, 10 feet away from us, wearing a white mask and carrying something heavy with both hands," Baggs said in a report on the newspaper's website. "He went running into the store."

(Additional reporting by Chris Francescani in New York; Writing by Steve Gorman; Editing by Cynthia Johnston and Bill Trott)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/least-four-wounded-shooting-oregon-mall-authorities-002121014.html

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Blood Pressure And Prescription Drug Use | Health Alert ? Guides ...


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South Sudan army blamed in deaths of 23 civilians

JUBA, South Sudan (AP) ? South Sudan soldiers are being blamed for the deaths of up to 23 civilians in two separate regions in the world's newest country.

A South Sudanese official said Tuesday that the first incident took place in Jonglei state last week. The official said soldiers rounded up civilians and fired on the group, killing 13. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the press.

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan, UNMISS, says it is investigating the incident.

"We are aware of the reports and we are looking into them," said UNMISS communications chief Liam McDowall.

Jonglei's Pibor County has been at the scene of recent clashes between rebel militias led by David Yauyau and South Sudanese forces. A former member of the South Sudanese army, Yauyau launched his rebellion after failing to win a parliamentary seat in the Sudanese general elections in April 2010.

South Sudan's army ? the SPLA ? blames Yauyau's forces for the deaths in Pibor. An SPLA spokesman, Col. Kella Kueth said: "The civilians were killed by Yauyau himself," but added that if the SPLA was responsible "it must be people that belonged to Yauyau. How do you categorize people that are not in uniform?"

Kueth repeated the frequent South Sudan accusation that Yauyau's forces are being supplied by Sudan through aerial supply drops in the northeastern part of Jonglei's Akobo county, near the border with Ethiopia.

Separately, SPLA troops were reported to have opened fire on civilians in Western Equatoria state on Saturday and Sunday. The U.N. spokesman, McDowall, said the U.N. mission can confirm that nine people were killed during the two days of violence. Kueth referred questions to the information minister, who did not answer calls seeking comment.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/south-sudan-army-blamed-deaths-23-civilians-163407006.html

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When Is It OK To Breakup With Somebody Via Technology ...

Breaking Up Through TechnologyNobody likes a text message breakup.

The dos and don'ts of dumping him in the digital age.

Have you ever been dumped via text message? How about email? With celebrities like John Mayer and Taylor Swift discussing their text breakups publicly ? as both the dumpers and the dumpees ? it?s becoming increasingly common to toss a relationship out the window by way of your iPhone.

According to a survey of over 100 undergraduates in the United States, 28% admitted to being dumped through some type of technology. Text message breakups seem to be quite common, with 18% of participants stating that?s how they had been broken up with, and another 10% saying they'd be willing to end things via text. Additionally, 3.8% had actually been broken up via Facebook.

More from YourTango: Why 12/12/12 Is A Lucky Day for Love

To be completely honest, I am quite guilty of this rather unkind, somewhat cowardly act. I have, in the past, attempted to end things with a partner over text message (only once though, I swear!) and later felt terrible. So we reconciled...and then broke up in person a few weeks down the road. In short, it could have better served me to simply do it in person.

Why might breaking up face-to-face be better in the long run? For one thing, you have to look the person in the eyes, which makes it feel more personal and respectful. This shows that you care about the person?s feelings and are not behaving flippantly regarding his or her feelings. If your significant other of two years ? with whom you may spend multiple days a week and see as a best friend, confidant and partner ? ended your relationship with a text as long as the title of this piece, wouldn?t you be upset? Even a phone call or Skype session would feel like an incomplete ending.?

Another benefit to an in-person end is that you?re less likely to get back together since the talk will feel more resolute. While it?s easy to take back a text message or email and say you were just drunk/upset/emotionally speaking, it?s much more difficult to take back the firm seriousness of ending things while actually speaking.

However, dissolving your bond with someone via technology is considerably more socially acceptable for short-term dating.

More from YourTango: The Naked Truth: Men Know More About Cars Than Sex

Hypothetically, if you've been seeing a person for less than a month and you feel like things aren?t quite working out between the two of you, it would likely not devastate the person to receive a text message or email initiating a breakup of sorts. Is it a bit insensitive? Probably. But it?s not terrible in the way that dumping somebody you?ve been dating for several months and have shared an emotional connection with is.?Keep Reading...

More Juicy Stories From YourTango

Source: http://www.yourtango.com/2012167571/when-it-ok-breakup-somebody-technology

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New leaks suggest Microsoft Office for iOS could launch soon

Columbia Pictures has released the first trailer for Another Earth, the Will Smith/Jaden Smith sci-fi thriller directed by M. Night Shyamalan. So... doesn't that sound great? M. Night Shyamalan hasn't made a bad movie since his last movie, and everyone loves Jaden Smith, what with his great rap songs and all. Will Smith is in it, but he doesn't do the bulk of the adventuring, as his character is stuck injured in a spaceship most of the time. So it's mostly Jaden Smith running around a world of M. Night Shyamalan's making. ...

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/leaks-suggest-microsoft-office-ios-could-launch-soon-205159852.html

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Egypt's army chief to host national unity talks as thousands descend on Cairo

Khaled Elfiqi / EPA

Supporters of Egypt's President Mohammed Morsi demonstrate in Cairo on Dec. 11.

By NBC News staff and wire reports

Updated at 5:12 p.m. ET -- Egypt's army chief called for talks on national unity to end the country's deepening political crisis after a vital loan from the IMF was delayed and as thousands of opponents and supporters of Egypt's Islamist president flocked to key locations in the nation's capital four days before a nationwide referendum on a contentious draft constitution.

The meeting was scheduled for Wednesday afternoon.

"We will not speak about politics nor about the referendum. Tomorrow we will sit together as Egyptians," armed forces chief and Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said at a joint gathering of army and police officials.

An aide said President Mohammed Morsi had supported the call for talks. The Muslim Brotherhood announced it would be there, while the main opposition coalition said it would decide on Wednesday morning whether to attend.

Outside the presidential palace - where anti-Morsi protesters are demanding the Islamist postpone the vote on a constitution they say does not represent all Egyptians - there was skepticism tinged with some hope.

"Talks without the cancellation of the referendum - and a change to the constitution to make it a constitution for all Egyptians and not the Brotherhood - will lead to nothing and will be no more than a media show," said Ahmed Hamdy, a 35-year-old office worker.

But the fact that the army was calling such talks "is an indication to all parties that the crisis is coming to a head and that they need to end it quickly," he said.

The demonstrators began to gather just hours after masked assailants set upon opposition protesters staging a sit-in at Tahrir Square, firing birdshot and swinging knives and sticks, according to security officials. At least 11 protesters were wounded in the pre-dawn attack, according to a Health Ministry spokesman quoted by the official MENA news agency.?It was unclear who was behind the pre-dawn attack.

The violence stoked tensions ahead of the mass demonstrations in Cairo by supporters and opponents of Morsi over the disputed draft constitution. The charter has deeply polarized the nation and triggered some of the worst violence since Morsi took office in June as Egypt's first freely elected president.

Egypt is rapidly approaching its own 'cliff'

Protests are also planned elsewhere in Egypt, including the Mediterranean city of Alexandria and Suez to the east of Cairo.

The latest spate of violence in Egypt has divided the country into two camps: Morsi, his Muslim Brotherhood and ultraorthodox Salafis on the one side, and liberals, leftists and Christians, on the other.

The Tahrir protesters belong to the liberal opposition, which claims the draft of the charter restricts freedoms and gives Islamists vast influence over the running of the country. The draft, hurriedly adopted late last month in a marathon session by a constituent assembly dominated by the president's Islamist allies, is going to a nationwide referendum on Saturday.

In a further twist, Egypt's largest union of judges?voted overwhelmingly?on Tuesday afternoon?to boycott supervising polling stations, which will likely cast significant doubt on the referendum's integrity, NBC News reported. ?

Despite President Morsi rescinding much of the decree he issued last month giving him near absolute authority, Egypt's opposition want the Islamist leader to cancel a referendum on a disputed draft of a new constitution. TODAY's Natalie Morales reports.

Cracks in the opposition?
The dispute has prompted hundreds of thousands of the president's opponents to take to the streets in massive rallies ? the largest from primarily secular groups since the uprising that toppled Hosni Mubarak last year. Morsi's supporters responded with huge demonstrations of their own, which led to clashes that left at least six people dead and hundreds wounded.

There have been at least two dozen attacks on offices of Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood, according to the group's leaders. Meanwhile, senior opposition figures, including former lawmakers, have been badly beaten by pro-Morsi Islamists.

PhotoBlog:?Protests in Egypt continue despite Morsi's concession

Also in Cairo, several hundred Islamists were camped out Tuesday outside a media complex that is home to several independent TV networks critical of Morsi and the Brotherhood. The Islamists have threatened to storm the complex.

/

Protesters dismantle a barbed wired fence guarding Cairo's presidential palace ahead of demonstrations on Tuesday evening.

With four days left before the referendum, the opposition has yet to decide whether to campaign for a "no" vote or call for a boycott ? something many see as a reflection of divisions within the opposition. The disparate opposition groups are led by reformist and Nobel Peace prize laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, Egypt's former foreign minister and Arab League chief Amr Moussa, and leftist politician Hamdeen Sabahi.

'Men don't have to worry about being caught': Sex mobs target Egypt's women

Cracks in the opposition's unity first appeared last weekend when one of its leading figures, veteran opposition politician Ayman Nour, accepted an invitation by Morsi to attend a "national dialogue" meeting. On Monday, another key opposition figure, El-Sayed Badawi of the Wafd party, met Morsi at the presidential palace.

The opposition has rejected any dialogue with Morsi until he shelves the draft constitution and postpones the referendum. They had also demanded that Morsi rescind decrees giving him near absolute powers. He withdrew those powers on Saturday, but insisted that the referendum will go ahead as scheduled.

Anticipating unrest on the day of the referendum, Morsi has ordered the military to join the police in maintaining security and protecting state institutions until after the results of the vote are announced. The decree went into effect on Monday.

Egypt army gets temporary power to arrest civilians ahead of referendum

Egypt's army chief called for talks on national unity to end the country's deepening political crisis after a vital loan from the IMF was delayed.

The meeting was scheduled for Wednesday afternoon.

"We will not speak about politics nor about the referendum. Tomorrow we will sit together as Egyptians," armed forces chief and Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said at a joint gathering of army and police officials.

An aide said Mursi had supported the call for talks. The Muslim Brotherhood announced it would be there, while the main opposition coalition said it would decide on Wednesday morning whether to attend.

NBC News' Ayman Mohyeldin, Reuters and the Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/11/15842462-egypts-army-chief-to-host-national-unity-talks-as-thousands-descend-on-cairo?lite

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U.N. nuclear agency "ready" to go to Iran's Parchin site

VIENNA (Reuters) - U.N. nuclear inspectors would be ready to go to Iran's disputed Parchin military complex if the Islamic state were to allow it during talks in Tehran later this week, a senior official said on Wednesday.

The U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) believes Iran has conducted explosives tests with nuclear applications at Parchin, a sprawling facility southeast of Tehran, and has repeatedly asked for access.

Western diplomats say Iran has carried out extensive work at Parchin over the past year to cleanse it of any evidence of illicit activities, but IAEA chief Yukiya Amano said last week a visit would still be "useful".

Iran rejects accusations of a covert bid to develop the means and technologies needed to build nuclear arms and says Parchin is a conventional military site.

Thursday's talks in Tehran could indicate whether Iran is more willing to address international concerns over its atomic activities after U.S. President Barack Obama's re-election.

The stakes are high: Israel - widely believed to be the Middle East's only nuclear-armed power - has threatened military action if diplomacy fails to prevent its arch-enemy acquiring nuclear weapons. Iran says it would hit back hard if attacked.

IAEA Deputy Director General Herman Nackaerts, head of the team travelling to Iran, said the aim was to reach an agreement on outstanding issues "related to possible military dimensions" of Iran's nuclear program.

"We also hope that Iran will allow us to go to the site of Parchin," Nackaerts told journalists at Vienna airport before departing for Tehran.

"If Iran would grant us access, we would welcome that chance and we are ready to go," he said.

Western diplomats say they are not optimistic about a breakthrough in this week's discussions, since a series of meetings since January have failed to make any progress.

But they do not rule out that Iran, under tightening Western sanctions hurting its oil-dependent economy, will offer some concessions in an attempt to ease international pressure.

The IAEA wants Iran to allow its inspectors to visit sites, interview officials and study documents as part of an inquiry - largely stymied by Iranian stonewalling for four years - into suspected past, and possibly current, nuclear weapons research.

Iran says its nuclear program is entirely peaceful and rejects international demands to curb nuclear activity that could have both civilian and military purposes.

It says it must reach a framework agreement on the inquiry with the IAEA before providing the requested access.

(Editing by Kevin Liffey)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/iaea-says-hopes-access-irans-parchin-115741563.html

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Roman settlement and possible prehistoric site uncovered in northern Italy

Dec. 11, 2012 ? Over the summer a team of faculty and students from University of Kentucky discovered evidence of not just one lost community, but two in northern Italy. Using their archaeological expertise and modern technology, data was collected indicating the existence of a Roman settlement and below that, a possible prehistoric site.

Many years ago, archaeologist and art historian Paolo Vison?, a native of northern Italy and adjunct associate professor of art history in the UK School of Art and Visual Studies at the UK College of Fine Arts, first learned of a possible ancient settlement from a farmer in Valbruna, near the village of Tezze di Arzignano. While working his family's land, Battista Carlotto had discovered artifacts that looked to Vison? like ceramics, mosaic, and glass of the Roman Empire.

Curiosity of what lay beneath the farmland was piqued in both gentlemen. With the approval of Carlotto and with little time to waste due to growing development in the area, Vison? began to research historical accounts of the region. Manuscripts found in Vicenza's Bertoliana Library confirmed Vison?'s suspicion; in the late 18th century witnesses had shared accounts of seeing a Roman city's remains in the vicinity.

Not wanting to disrupt Carlotto's working farm, Vison? had to find a way to find evidence of this community while not being invasive to the surroundings. That's when the expertise of colleague George Crothers, an associate professor of anthropology in the UK College of Arts and Sciences, came to mind. "George had the background to do the type of research that fit the characteristics of this new site, which had never been previously investigated to the extent we wanted."

"My involvement was to use geophysical techniques and geophysical instruments to find out what we could about architectural features at this site," Crothers said. "It had not been excavated, the geophysical techniques is one way to look below ground without disturbing it."

With Crothers' guidance, the UK team used a magnetometer and ground penetrating radar. A magnetometer measures variations in the magnetic intensity of the soil and can detect objects and features buried in the ground. The ground penetrating radar induces radar waves in the ground and reads the reflection.

Working with two students, Donald Handshoe and Justin Carlson, the UK team analyzed the equipment's readings to interpret their findings and create a map of what was below the surface.

First, the team confirmed what appeared to be evidence of a road and walls that indicated the presence of Roman buildings. According to the materials found on the surface and during farm work, the settlement could have existed more than 400 years from the first century B.C. to the third or fourth century A.D. The manuscript information indicated that it was very extensive.

"We had 500 years of information that was all scattered and never really put together or even looked at by scientists, which included some very detailed manuscript information by eyewitnesses who actually saw the Roman town on two different occasions when it was uncovered by flooding," Vison? said.

But as they "dug deeper" into their findings, the instruments' readings also revealed the presence of large circular features below the Roman site structures.

"The circular ones were a complete surprise -- this was totally unexpected because first of all they were large," Vison? said. "The radar told us those were much deeper than the structures with right angles, which had to be Roman. So we began to differentiate between them. Since the circular features preceded the Roman ones, they could only be prehistoric."

Based on their research, Vison? suggests that these features could be evidence of huts of an indigenous prehistoric population. Their settlements could date from the Neolithic to the late Bronze Age. The name of the ancient Roman town may have been Dripsinum. Ancient sources indicate that the Dripsinates, a sub-Alpine community, lived in this area of northern Italy.

In the future, the UK team hopes to return to do more research at the site. Currently, the UK group is working with the University of Venice Ca-Foscari, which is analyzing some of the materials found at the site.

Vison? and Crothers' trip was sponsored by a research support grant from the UK Office of the Vice President for Research. The team's stay was approved and supported by the city of Arzignano, Italy.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/mtxqGB23h1w/121211163510.htm

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