The Public-Interest Patent Option ? Slaw

September 19, 2011

John Willinsky

The Public-Interest Patent Option


by John Willinsky ? September 19, 2011

On July 29th, 2011, the U.S. federal appeals court reaffirmed, in effect, the right to patent genes, if in limited cases. The court?s ruling overturned a lower court decision that voided a patent held by Myriad Genetics on BRCA1 and BRCA2, two human genes used in determining the risk that women face with breast and ovarian cancer. Much hinges on the outcome of such patent challenges, given the thousands of genes that have been patented in the United States and elsewhere.

The appeals court accepted that the chemical structure of DNA, once removed from a cell was ?markedly different? from the DNA found in nature, that is within the chromosone. In this way, the court upheld the general rule that what nature renders remains common to us all, while what is humanly produced is subject to patent. It also upheld in this case the limited nature of patents, by ruling against Myriad?s ability to patent its method of analyzing patient risks levels, declaring that Myriad?s filing involved, ?patent-ineligible abstract mental steps.??

The suit against Myriad?s patents was filed by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Public Patent Foundation (acting on behalf of cancer patients, who can face a $3,000 charge for the breast cancer risk test), as well as medical researchers and societies. The Obama administration filed an amicus curiae arguing against the patenting of DNA. In covering the case for the New York Times, Andrew Pollack has not unreasonably suggested that it may make its way to the Supreme Court. As well, Pollock refers to how ?critics say it is unethical to patent something that is part of the human body or the natural world.?

I would argue that the court respected this stance, by finding that the DNA in question was no longer part of the human body. But then I want to offer a second point of critique, based on a line of research I have underway on how work done in the name of learning (and the learned), in such institutional settings as universities, tends to give rise to a distinct class of intellectual properties, one that differs from commercial properties and places a different set of opportunities and responsibilities on the owners of those learned properties.?

This distinction has a long legal history and is entrenched through fair use clauses, the academic exception, various tax exemptions, Bayh-Dole Act, etc. At the same time, the distinctiveness of the intellectual properties of learning is still very much open to debate and dispute. Let me show how the distinction is both missing and operative in the case of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene patents. The ethical issue here, then, is not the DNA?s relation to the body, before and after it is extracted. It has to do with how the patent is used by those who have rights in it.?

In the U.S., along with Myriad Genetics, which is located in Salt Lake City, the other party with rights to these gene patents is the University of Utah Research Foundation. The Foundation seeks ?to promote, conduct, encourage and facilitate research, development and dissemination of knowledge, and the application of knowledge in all fields of learning.? One way of achieving that goal is to direct a portion of the licensing fees paid to the Foundation for such patents to more research. This might well seem justified until one realizes that there is another way of addressing the responsibilities that arise from the creation of intellectual property in the name of learning and the development of knowledge.?

Seven years earlier, Cancer Research UK won its case to extend its UK patent for the BRCA2 gene (based on the work of Mike Stratton funded by Cancer Research UK) to all of Europe. Many researchers applauded and welcomed this extension of patent rights because Cancer Research UK grants royalty-free access to BRCA2 for publicly owned and non-profit labs. This organization used the patent to protect the public?s right to benefit from BRCA2, while retaining an ability to license it to commercial enterprises.

This is sometimes referred to as ?defensive patenting,? protecting an invention from being patented by others. In this case, a publicly funded agency is using the patent defensively ? should we call it ?ethical patenting? or ?public-interest patenting?? ? to keep this invention in the public realm. By a strange twist in this knowledge-based economy, Cancer Research UK allows for both public and commercial use of its patent, thereby breaking the (seemingly anti-capitalist) monopoly that can lead to undue commercial exploitation.?

Public-interest patenting strikes me as recognizing the distinctive intellectual properties of learning. It responsibly honors the public trust involved in the funding of learning and learned inquiry. It is one way to redirect the university patent race, set off in the U.S. by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, into a matter of greater public good.

On July 29th, 2011, the U.S. federal appeals court reaffirmed, in effect, the right to patent genes, if in limited cases. The court?s ruling overturned a lower court decision that voided a patent held by Myriad Genetics on BRCA1 and BRCA2, two human genes used in determining the risk that women face with breast and ovarian cancer. Much hinges on the outcome of such patent challenges, given the thousands of genes that have been patented in the United States and elsewhere.

The appeals court accepted that the chemical structure of DNA, once removed from a cell was ?markedly different? from the DNA found in nature, that is within the chromosone. In this way, the court upheld the general rule that what nature renders remains common to us all, while what is humanly produced is subject to patent. It also upheld in this case the limited nature of patents, by ruling against Myriad?s ability to patent its method of analyzing patient risks levels, declaring that Myriad?s filing involved, ?patent-ineligible abstract mental steps.??

The suit against Myriad?s patents was filed by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Public Patent Foundation (acting on behalf of cancer patients, who can face a $3,000 charge for the breast cancer risk test), as well as medical researchers and societies. The Obama administration filed an amicus curiae arguing against the patenting of DNA. In covering the case for the New York Times, Andrew Pollack has not unreasonably suggested that it may make its way to the Supreme Court. As well, Pollock refers to how ?critics say it is unethical to patent something that is part of the human body or the natural world.?

I would argue that the court respected this stance, by finding that the DNA in question was no longer part of the human body. But then I want to offer a second point of critique, based on a line of research I have underway on how work done in the name of learning (and the learned), in such institutional settings as universities, tends to give rise to a distinct class of intellectual properties, one that differs from commercial properties and places a different set of opportunities and responsibilities on the owners of those learned properties.?

This distinction has a long legal history and is entrenched through fair use clauses, the academic exception, various tax exemptions, Bayh-Dole Act, etc. At the same time, the distinctiveness of the intellectual properties of learning is still very much open to debate and dispute. Let me show how the distinction is both missing and operative in the case of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene patents. The ethical issue here, then, is not the DNA?s relation to the body, before and after it is extracted. It has to do with how the patent is used by those who have rights in it.?

In the U.S., along with Myriad Genetics, which is located in Salt Lake City, the other party with rights to these gene patents is the University of Utah Research Foundation. The Foundation seeks ?to promote, conduct, encourage and facilitate research, development and dissemination of knowledge, and the application of knowledge in all fields of learning.? One way of achieving that goal is to direct a portion of the licensing fees paid to the Foundation for such patents to more research. This might well seem justified until one realizes that there is another way of addressing the responsibilities that arise from the creation of intellectual property in the name of learning and the development of knowledge.?

Seven years earlier, Cancer Research UK won its case to extend its UK patent for the BRCA2 gene (based on the work of Mike Stratton funded by Cancer Research UK) to all of Europe. Many researchers applauded and welcomed this extension of patent rights because Cancer Research UK grants royalty-free access to BRCA2 for publicly owned and non-profit labs. This organization used the patent to protect the public?s right to benefit from BRCA2, while retaining an ability to license it to commercial enterprises.

This is sometimes referred to as ?defensive patenting,? protecting an invention from being patented by others. In this case, a publicly funded agency is using the patent defensively ? should we call it ?ethical patenting? or ?public-interest patenting?? ? to keep this invention in the public realm. By a strange twist in this knowledge-based economy, Cancer Research UK allows for both public and commercial use of its patent, thereby breaking the (seemingly anti-capitalist) monopoly that can lead to undue commercial exploitation.?

Public-interest patenting strikes me as recognizing the distinctive intellectual properties of learning. It responsibly honors the public trust involved in the funding of learning and learned inquiry. It is one way to redirect the university patent race, set off in the U.S. by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, into a matter of greater public good.

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Source: http://www.slaw.ca/2011/09/19/the-public-interest-patent-option/

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Biological Dentistry is Good for our Holistic Health

September 17th, 2011 . by admin

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Many dentists would say that biological dentistry is good because it targets the nutrition and the entire health of not only the teeth but also the entire body. This is the reason why I always want to get this type of dental service from the best dentists in town. Since I have started availing of this type of dental service, I have never again experienced many illnesses. A dentist who is practicing biological dentistry believes that the health of the teeth and gums will affect the health of the entire body. By saying this, we should always see to it that our teeth and gums are always in its healthiest conditions.


Source: http://www.jurekozuh.org/health-and-fitness/biological-dentistry-is-good-for-our-holistic-health/

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Keep yourself Alive ? Queen and therefore the Importance of STD ...

Posted by zunedfredo on September 19, 2011 |
in Uncategorized

Would STD testing have saved the relationship of Freddie Mercury? The chances are who?s would NOT have because the STD that he busted was HIV/AIDS and there was no reliable treatment options in those days. Still, testing for sexually transmitted diseases should be part of everyone?s general health program (unless, of course, you are a practicing celibate). It?s the smart and responsible thing to do.

Queen burst onto the music scene from the early seventies, combining revolutionary rock with opera undertones meshed by means of hard driving, straight-up good ole? & roll. Their sound weren?t easy to categorize, ones own lead singer harder always. Farrokh Bulsara-better known while Freddie Mercury-was born during Zanzibar to Zoroastrian dad and mom, but quickly shed both equally name and religion to become one of the better rock front men by chance. Living his life utilizing sheer abandon, he eventually passed on from complications due that will AIDS on November 24th, 1991-just in the future after publicly admitting he was sick belonging to the virus.

Living the life of a rock and roll star certainly came with the help of consequences for Freddie. San jose std testing can have been the norm convey in his position, but his unease regarding his bi-sexuality has caused him to bury his head inside sand when it reached actions that would happen to be second nature to anybody else in his position with more traditional sexual proclivities.

Freddie?s performances were infamous and he was considered by many being on a completely distinctive level than his contemporaries. Across their career, Queen played many illustrates in packed soccer sides and Freddie had no trouble singing directly to the last row along with the first. Testing the bounds of his chosen sort, he was flamboyant together with phenomenal, using his four-octave tone to belt out most of the biggest hits of some time. These hits include Most of us Will Rock You, We?re The Champions and your singular and sensational Bohemian Rhapsody.

Proper engaging in sexual action, no matter your years or orientation, or whether on the fast lane or your tortoise freeway, STD testing is a sensible way to stay on top of your health-and the fitness of your lovers. Claiming to love someone and next infecting them with a harmful STD is something we must do anything we have to to counteract.

There are over twenty five separate diseases that qualify as being an STD and chances are that when you engage in sexual activity with several person you?ll catch (at least) at least one. Freddie Mercury caught the deadliest off STDs, and it is quite possible for anyone to suffer the exact same consequences as he for insufficient testing. Here is a list of just some of the diseases that you can be tested for not to mention their symptoms.

Chlamydia
Chlamydia sufferers may show no symptoms in the slightest degree, especially in men. In those users who do show symptoms they include discharge in the penis or vagina and inflammation within the eyes.

Genital Herpes
Be on the lookout for the presence involving blisters and sores around the genitals and their encompassing areas, discharge from the male organ or vagina and/or swelling and itching inside the infected areas.

Gonorrhea
A bloody or yellowish discharge and a painful burning during urination will be this disease?s symptoms. The pain has long been described as, ?pissing razor blades. ? That?d allow me a sheer cardiovascular system attack.

Genital Warts
Symptoms include small simple bumps on or close to the genitals.

Hepatitis B
Obvious symptoms include jaundice (a yellowing of this skin and eyes), nausea, joint and muscle serious pain, headaches and fatigue.

HIV/AIDS
Affordable fever, night sweats, low energy, extreme weight loss, red and purplish splotches to the skin.

When it reaches testing for HIV/AIDS which fits the bill? Listed here is a list of individuals and circumstances that is going to make you a perfect candidate for testing.

• Anyone who engages in unprotected sex

• Anyone who has ever multiple sexual partners

• You are not a history of other sexually transmitted diseases

• Anyone beginning the latest sexual relationship

• Persons of rape

• World bi-sexual rock stars

HIV Testing-like all of STD testing-is completely risk-free and quick. Testing is achieved by an analysis of your blood which is scanned for antibodies produced by the immune system when HIV occurs. The test is finished ninety nine percent precise. In the case of the positive result, a secondary test is completed using the same hold sample to negate an important false positive result.

Source: http://www.livebd.net/2011/09/keep-yourself-alive-queen-and-therefore-the-importance-of-std-assessing/

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Detoxification of body with high fibrous diet

I was having a severe constipation problem few days back. I usually get less time to take a healthy diet because I am always on tours or trips because of my job. Then I was advised by some of my friend to take a nice fiber vegetable diet. There were very good reasons to shift from a less fibrous diet to the diet which is having high fibers. These constipation remedies led to revive me completely. Constipation remedies also sorted out my stomach problem, I was unable to dine out or enjoy parties. I always suffered with headaches and stomach aches. I was not liked by my friends and relatives as they found me always unhappy. How you can be happy when you have problems with your bowl moments? There are numerous fiber foods available which can help in detoxification of your body completely and you feel light and cheerful. When you opt for the fibrous diet you can avoid yourself from the heart attack, which is a critical and life taking disease. You can also shun yourself from colon cancer and diabetes, which are the worst gifts of our changing life styles. I was not aware of these facts, but when I consulted one of my friend; he advised me to go to a dietitian, who could tell me about the better diet, so that I could avoid myself from the diseases. I have also been able to control my weight and cholesterol and my face has a nice glow, since I have started taking a natural fiber diet. Some useful fibrous foods are dried fruits, vegetables, fresh fruits, wheat, and bran that helped me to have perfect bowl moments and helped in detoxification of my body completely. Organic legumes which consist of all kinds of beans like black beans, kidney beans except green beans are rich fibrous foods. Grain food like brown rics, oats, millet, rye, and buckwheat all these are now part of my regular diet. Their fibrous qualities have helped me a great in detoxification of my body and helped to lighten my stomach. Even though I don?t like lentils much still you can make them part of the regular diet if you are looking for constipation remedies. Honey, lemon juice, apple pectin folic acids, turmeric, bale fruit, sugar and guava are also helpful in making my bowl moments regular. So shift to a high fibrous diet and be healthy.

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Source: http://www.212articles.com/detoxification-of-body-with-high-fibrous-diet/

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Yemen forces open fire on protesters, 12 killed

Students shout slogans as they protest on the Sanaa University campus to show their support for a boycott of university studies as part of protests demanding the resignation of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, in Sanaa,Yemen, Sunday, Sept. 18, 2011. The Arabic on the billboard reads, "the resumption of school before dropping the regime is betrayal to the blood of the martyrs."(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)

Students shout slogans as they protest on the Sanaa University campus to show their support for a boycott of university studies as part of protests demanding the resignation of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, in Sanaa,Yemen, Sunday, Sept. 18, 2011. The Arabic on the billboard reads, "the resumption of school before dropping the regime is betrayal to the blood of the martyrs."(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)

Students shout slogans as they protest on the Sanaa University campus to show their support for a boycott of university studies as part of protests demanding the resignation of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, in Sanaa,Yemen, Sunday, Sept. 18, 2011. The Arabic on banners at left reads, "for the blood of the martyrs, I will convey my revolution from inside the university to each house."(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)

Students shout slogans as they protest on the Sanaa University campus to show their support for a boycott of university studies as part of protests demanding the resignation of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, in Sanaa,Yemen, Sunday, Sept. 18, 2011.(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)

(AP) ? Yemeni government forces opened fire with anti-aircraft guns and automatic weapons on tens of thousands of anti-government protesters in the capital pushing for ouster of longtime ruler Ali Abdullah Saleh, killing at least 12 and wounding dozens.

The attack was the deadliest in months against protesters, who have been massing daily in Sanaa and other cities since February to demand Saleh's removal. The protests have swelled the past week as the movement tries to renergize, angered by Saleh's latest decision to deputize his president to negotiate a power-transfer deal. Many believe the move is just the latest of many delaying tactics.

Greater numbers of security forces and armed regime supporters have also been turning out in the streets in recent days, hiking the tensions.

More than 100,000 protesters massed Sunday around the state television building and government offices. When the crowd began to march toward the nearby Presidential Palace, security forces opened fie, the witnesses said. Regime snipers fired down at the crowd from nearby rooftops, and plainclothes Saleh supporters armed with automatic rifles, swords and batons attacked the protesters.

"This peaceful protest was confronted by heavy weapons and anti-aircraft guns," said Mohammed al-Sabri, an opposition spokesman. He vowed that the escalating protests "will not stop and will not retreat."

Mohammed al-Abahi, a doctor at Sanaa field hospital, said that a total of 12 protesters were shot dead and more than 200 were injured. "Most of the injuries are at the chest, shoulder, head and face." A number of 25 of injured protesters are in critical condition. He also accused security forces of preventing ambulances from rescuing the injured and collecting bodies of the slain protesters.

Protesters throwing stones managed to break through security forces lines and advance to near the Yemeni Republican Palace at the heart of Sanaa, turning the clashes with the security forces into street battles.

President Saleh has been in Saudi Arabia since the summer, recovering from burns and other wounds from an explosion at his palace. Still, he has resisted calls for him to outright resign. He deputized his vice president to discuss a Gulf-mediated, U.S.-backed deal under which he would step down in return for immunity for prosecution. But Saleh has already balked three times at signing such a deal.

Demonstrations also took place Sunday in many Yemeni cities including Taiz, Saada, Ibb and Damar

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2011-09-18-ML-Yemen/id-e37b25d1069643c5a39b5d119a7a3bdf

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Vidarbha widow gets Rs.1 lakh, letter from Big B

Nagpur, Sep 17

Moved by the plight of a Vidarbha widow who appeared on his show Kaun Banega Crorepati, Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan has given her Rs.100,000 to take care of her two daughters' education after earlier promising help of Rs.50,000, an official said here Saturday.

Aparna Malikar, a 27-year-old widow from Vara-Kawatha village in Yavatmal district, will feature next week in a special episode of the reality game show hosted by Bachchan, in which she won Rs.640,000.

Saddened by the plight of the thousands of farm widows in Vidarbha region of eastern Maharashra, Bachchan had announced an additional personal contribution of Rs.50,000 to Aparna.

However, Kishor Tiwari, a Nagpur-based social activist who works for the cause of farmers and farm widows, said that Aparna has received a demand draft of Rs.100,000,double of what Bachchan promised her.

"This has happened due to you (IANS), which broke the news which was covered by all print and electronic media in this region and elsewhere in the country," Tiwari told IANS, appreciating its efforts in highlighting the issue.

The Vidarbha Jan Andolan Samiti (VJAS) chief said that ?it was a pleasant surprise to receive a demand draft and a signed letter from Bachchan? by a special courier from Mumbai.

In the letter addressed to Aparna, Bachchan has written in Hindi: ?Aparnaji, despite all the hardships, you have displayed great courage, this is really commendable. I welcome your views on the education for your children. Here is a small gift from me. Please accept it.?

Tiwari said that VJAS has deeply thanked Bachchan for his gracious gesture to the poor widow.

He urged civil society members to come to the aid of more than 12,000 farm widows who are facing starvation and live in miserable conditions.

On Monday, in a special dispatch from Mumbai, IANS had highlighted the plight of Aparna -- a school dropout, a widow at 25 and mother of two minor girls Rohini, 7, and Samruddhi, 3.

In the "KBC" episode, she said her first step would be to clear off her late husband's farm debt of Rs.60,000 and spend the remaining amount on her daughters? education.

Source: http://www.prokerala.com/news/articles/a247651.html

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Pet Cat Grooming | Pets at Heart

Cat Grooming Tips : Cat Grooming: Bathing

Pet Cat Grooming

Keep Your Cat Looking Great With The Best Cat Grooming Supplies

Although cats like to groom themselves, there are times when you need to give them a little help, especially if you allow them in your bed or when you have kids in the house. To do this, you need cat grooming supplies. The following are the basic cat grooming supplies that you will need.

Brushes and combs

Cat grooming supplies, like brushes, will depend on the kind of fur your kitten has. For example, you use slicker brushes on cats with short hair. This type of brush eliminates unwanted hair while being gentle on your cat's skin. Shedding combs are another type of grooming tool that is good for long-haired cats. Long-haired cats like Persians and Main Coons need daily grooming, and you can do this while being gentle on your cat by using shedding combs. Aside from regular brushes and combs, you will also need deshedding tools for your long-haired cats.

Scissors and nail trimmers

Your cat's claws can become really sharp so you may need to trim them from time to time. There are ideal nail trimming options, especially those that come with the guillotine-type of mechanism for cutting your cat's nails. Another less painful alternative is soft claws nail caps, which you can use instead of cutting your pet's nails. You simply slip these over your cat's? nails.

Grooming glove

A grooming glove is one way to bond with your cat while grooming it. The glove allows you to keep its coat free of loose undercoat, which often traps dust, dander, and mites.

Dental kit

Another important tool that you should have in your arsenal is a dental kit. This comes with a toothbrush as well as a tube of cat toothpaste.

Cat supplies are available online. You will find great options for pet supplies such as cat beds, cat food, and cat furniture in most online stores

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About the Author

Olivia Peterson is a well known expert in cat grooming supplies, cat toys, cat beds and almost all things cat-related. Be sure to follow up on her other articles for the best advice and information on how to get the best cat supplies.

Bear In Mind Nonetheless The Principal Of Working For By Yourself

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HTTP://WWW.NCSUPOULTRY.COM/SCIENCE/KEEP-IN-MIND-TO-INCORPORATE-IMAGES-TO-MAKE-YOUR-GUIDELINES-FOREX-TRADING-SOFTWARE-REVIEW/ If the dog is prone to fleas and ticks, you may possibly use a medicated shampoo that is proposed by vets.

This is a good dog to have as a pack puppy, or it can perform on its very own. They adore to perform and to please folks, they are quite sociable and hugely intelligent.

Bear in mind nevertheless the primary of functioning for all by yourself was to improved your daily life as a entire. First of all he ought to lower the canines nails, clear its ears, de-knot its fur and take away its dead fur. As with all terriers this breed is a excellent ratter. One other superb element on this tub is it has shampoo and conditioner dispensers so you dont have to get worried about reaching for your bathing needs. Be confident to use warm drinking water when offering your puppy a bathtub, use a light shampoo and lather nicely, be really watchful not to get any shampoo in your dogs eyes. These simple small ways assistance your dog think more comfy and search superior until eventually the next journey to the groomer. Cat grooming for the ears can commence immediately after your kitty finishes its bathtub session.

Temperament: The Tibetan Terrier is a pleasurable loving canine with tons of stamina.

Source: http://www.petsatheart.com/pet-cat-grooming/

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Cell phones ubiquitous globally, but 1 in 8 now have mobile Internet

Cell phones in hands of more than 5 billion people, United Nations says. But mobile Internet growing much faster than cell phones: 160 percent last year alone.

About one in eight people around the world can now connect to the Internet wherever, and whenever, they want to.

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A U.N. report released Thursday has found that active mobile broadband subscriptions surged last year, reaching 872 million worldwide last year, up from 531 million in 2009.

In rich countries almost every second person has a high-speed mobile subscription, while in poor countries it's still just one in every 20 people.

But poor countries showed the sharpest rise ? about 160 percent year-on-year ? as customers passed up costly fixed-line broadband connections in favor of affordable cell phone plans that allow them to access the Web, email and other online services on the go.

The report by the International Telecommunication Union concluded cell phones in general are now "de facto ubiquitous" with more than 5 billion people having some kind of cellular subscription.

The survey of 152 countries also found a growing divide between countries with super-fast broadband ? like Sweden, South Korea and Japan ? and those where high-speed access is lagging, particularly in Africa.

Investment in broadband capacity means the average European theoretically has 77 Megabits/second of Internet bandwidth to their name, compared with 27 Mb/s in the Americas and about 11 Mb/s in Asia and the Arab world, though the figures mask strong variations among countries within regions.

Overall, South Korea remained the top ranked country worldwide for information and communications technology, followed by northern European nations Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and Finland. The U.S. remained in 17th place overall, but dropped three places when it came to access.

"This is mainly due to penetration rates for mobile cellular subscriptions and households with computer and Internet, where the U.S. has lower figures compared to the countries ranked above the U.S.," the Geneva-based ITU said.

Other conclusions of the annual report were that dial-up Internet access is likely to disappear within a few years, and a warning that frequently cited user statistics for popular sites like Facebook are unreliable indicators of actual Internet use.

? The Monitor's new digital edition debuted Sept. 13. Now readers can view our weekly print magazine on their computers or iPads.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/HwpPup4OTCk/Cell-phones-ubiquitous-globally-but-1-in-8-now-have-mobile-Internet

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